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|a General Chemistry Supplement |h [electronic resource]. |
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|a [S.l.] : |b LibreTexts, |c September 17, 2020. |
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|a [cc by] This item is licensed with the Creative Commons Attribution License. This license lets others distribute, remix, tweak, and build upon this work, even commercially, as long as they credit the author for the original creation. |
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|a Eames, E.V. (2020, September 17). General Chemistry Supplement. https://chem.libretexts.org/@go/page/52742 |
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|a This general chemistry "text" was written by Emily V Eames as a supplement to a standard textbook. It includes both "overview" sections, providing summaries of most important info, and "story" sections, providing richer knowledge of history and applications.-LibreTexts |
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|a Chemistry Basics-
Alchemy
Ancient History
Atomic Structure
Atomic Theory
Discovering Sub-atomic Particles
Electricity and Electrochemistry
Gay-Lussac's Law
Introduction
Lavoisier
Meet the Periodic Table
Nomenclature
Scientific Method
Valence and the Periodic Table
Chemistry Calculations-
Chemical Equations
Dimensional Analysis
Dimensional analysis means thinking about units piece by piece. Dimensional analysis can by to correctly go between different types of units, to catch mistakes in one's calculations, and to make many useful calculations in real life. Essentially, dimensional analysis means multiplying by one. You collect a set of "conversion factors" or ratios that equal one, and then multiply a quantity that you are interested in by those "ones."
Molarity
Moles
Significant Figures
Significant figures, often called sig figs, are the number of digits in a given value, or number. For instance, 18 has 2 sig figs, and 3.456 has 4 sig figs. However, both 10 and 1000 have only 1 sig fig. The reason is because the zeros have to be there to show what the number is, so they don't count as significant digits.
Stoichiometry
Titrations
A titration is a laboratory technique used to precisely measure molar concentration of an unknown solution using a known solution. The basic process involves adding a standard solution of one reagent to a known amount of the unknown solution of a different reagent.
Chemical Reactions and Interactions-
Acid-Base Reactions
Combination Reactions
Combination reactions describe a reaction in which two or more reactants become one product (are combined). The problem with this term is that it doesn't give you much chemical insight because there are many different types of reactions that follow this pattern. So we'll break it into groups that reflect what's actually happening a little better.
Combustion Reactions
Decomposition Reactions
Electrolyte Strength
Electrolyte means a solute that allows a water solution to conduct electricity. Electrolytes produce ions when they dissolve in solution. Salts are usually electrolytes, while molecular substances usually aren't, unless they are acids or bases.
Overview
Redox Reactions
Solubility and Precipitation
Solutions, Solvation, and Dissociation
Dissolution means the process of dissolving or forming a solution. When dissolution happens, the solute separates into ions or molecules, and each ion or molecule is surrounded by molecules of solvent. The interactions between the solute particles and the solvent molecules is called solvation.
The Wild Ionists
Faraday proved that pure water doesn't conduct electricity, but conductivity increases when some types of solutes are added. These solutes are called electrolytes. For a long time, people thought that the ions that let water conduct electricity (to conduct, charged particles must move, such as electrons through a metal wire or ions through solution) were formed by the electricity.
Gases-
Diffusion and Effusion
Gas Laws
Intro to Gases
Kinetic-Molecular Theory
Partial Pressures
Pressure
Real Gases
Lewis Bonding Theory-
Drawing Lewis Structures
Lewis Acid-Base Theory
Lewis and Lagmuir
Magnetism
Polarity of Chemical Bonds
The Octet and Other Stable Groups
The Two-Electron Bond
Valence Bond Theory-
3-D Structures of Molecules
Dipole Moments
Electronegativity
Formal Charges in Lewis Structures
Hybrid Orbitals
Multiple Bonds
Overview of Pauling and Valence Bond Theory
Resonance
Strengths of Covalent Bonds
Molecular Orbital Theory-
Frontier MOs: An Acid-Base Theory
Intro to MO Theory
Mixing Orbitals to Make MOs
MO Diagrams for First Row Diatomic Molecules
MO Diagrams for Heterodiatomic Molecules
MO Diagrams for Linear Triatomic Molecules
Construct MO diagrams for simple linear triatomic molecules and/or compounds
MO Diagrams for Water and Nitrate Ion
MO Theory: Simplest Examples
Reading and Writing MO Diagrams
Types of MOs
Periodic Trends-
Characteristics of Metals
Characteristics of Nonmetals
Effective Nuclear Charge
Electron Affinity
Ionization Energy
Ionization energy is the energy needed to remove an electron from an atom or ion. Unlike atomic radii, we can and do measure ionization energies in the gas phase, when the atom or ion is not interacting with anything else.
Sizes of Atoms and Ions
Slater's Rules for Effective Nuclear Charge
Effective nuclear charge determines the size and energy of orbitals, which determine most properties of atoms. Slater's rules give a simple approximation of effective nuclear charge, which depends on the number of electrons that might get between, so it depends on the electron we are looking at. For any electron, to find the effective nuclear charge it feels, we need to know how many other electrons might get in the way, and how much time it spends near the nucleus.
Phases and Intermolecular Forces-
Dipole-dipole Forces
Hydrogen Bonding
Intro to Phases and Intermolecular Forces
Liquids
London Dispersion Forces
Phase Changes
Phase Diagrams
Vapor Pressure
Solids-
Covalent-Network Solids: Semiconductors and Insulators
Crystalline Solid Structures
Intro to Solids
Ionic Solids
Metallic Bonding
Metal Crystal Structures
Other Solids: Polymers, Nanomaterials, Foams, etc.
Quantum Chemistry-
Atomic Orbitals
Describing Waves
Discovery of Quantization
Electron Configurations
Electron Configurations According to Bohr and Pauli
Light as a Wave
Particle in a Box
The New Quantum Mechanics
Thermochemistry-
Basic Definitions
Calorimetry and Reaction Enthalpy
Fuels and Enthalpy
Hess' Law and Enthalpy of Formation
History of Thermodynamics
Kinetic and Potential Energy
The First Law of Thermodynamics
The Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
Work and Heat
-General Chemistry Supplement (Eames) |
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|a Electronic reproduction. |c City College of San Francisco, |d 2020. |f (Open-NJ) |n Mode of access: World Wide Web. |n System requirements: Internet connectivity; Web browser software. |
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|a Open and Affordable Textbooks (OAT). |
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|u http://open-nj.sobeklibrary.com/AA00001405/00001 |y Click here for full text |
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|u https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry_Supplement_(Eames) |y External Link |
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|a https:/opennj.net/content/AA/00/00/14/05/00001/CHEMISTRY BASICS_PAGE_01thm.jpg |