General Chemistry Supplement

Material Information

Title:
General Chemistry Supplement
Creator:
Eames, Emily V.
Publisher:
LibreTexts
Publication Date:

Subjects

Subjects / Keywords:
Open and Affordable Textbooks (OAT)
Chemistry ( lcsh )

Notes

Summary:
This general chemistry "text" was written by Emily V Eames as a supplement to a standard textbook. It includes both "overview" sections, providing summaries of most important info, and "story" sections, providing richer knowledge of history and applications.-LibreTexts ( , )
Scope and Content:
Chemistry Basics- Alchemy Ancient History Atomic Structure Atomic Theory Discovering Sub-atomic Particles Electricity and Electrochemistry Gay-Lussac's Law Introduction Lavoisier Meet the Periodic Table Nomenclature Scientific Method Valence and the Periodic Table Chemistry Calculations- Chemical Equations Dimensional Analysis Dimensional analysis means thinking about units piece by piece. Dimensional analysis can by to correctly go between different types of units, to catch mistakes in one's calculations, and to make many useful calculations in real life. Essentially, dimensional analysis means multiplying by one. You collect a set of "conversion factors" or ratios that equal one, and then multiply a quantity that you are interested in by those "ones." Molarity Moles Significant Figures Significant figures, often called sig figs, are the number of digits in a given value, or number. For instance, 18 has 2 sig figs, and 3.456 has 4 sig figs. However, both 10 and 1000 have only 1 sig fig. The reason is because the zeros have to be there to show what the number is, so they don't count as significant digits. Stoichiometry Titrations A titration is a laboratory technique used to precisely measure molar concentration of an unknown solution using a known solution. The basic process involves adding a standard solution of one reagent to a known amount of the unknown solution of a different reagent. Chemical Reactions and Interactions- Acid-Base Reactions Combination Reactions Combination reactions describe a reaction in which two or more reactants become one product (are combined). The problem with this term is that it doesn't give you much chemical insight because there are many different types of reactions that follow this pattern. So we'll break it into groups that reflect what's actually happening a little better. Combustion Reactions Decomposition Reactions Electrolyte Strength Electrolyte means a solute that allows a water solution to conduct electricity. Electrolytes produce ions when they dissolve in solution. Salts are usually electrolytes, while molecular substances usually aren't, unless they are acids or bases. Overview Redox Reactions Solubility and Precipitation Solutions, Solvation, and Dissociation Dissolution means the process of dissolving or forming a solution. When dissolution happens, the solute separates into ions or molecules, and each ion or molecule is surrounded by molecules of solvent. The interactions between the solute particles and the solvent molecules is called solvation. The Wild Ionists Faraday proved that pure water doesn't conduct electricity, but conductivity increases when some types of solutes are added. These solutes are called electrolytes. For a long time, people thought that the ions that let water conduct electricity (to conduct, charged particles must move, such as electrons through a metal wire or ions through solution) were formed by the electricity. Gases- Diffusion and Effusion Gas Laws Intro to Gases Kinetic-Molecular Theory Partial Pressures Pressure Real Gases Lewis Bonding Theory- Drawing Lewis Structures Lewis Acid-Base Theory Lewis and Lagmuir Magnetism Polarity of Chemical Bonds The Octet and Other Stable Groups The Two-Electron Bond Valence Bond Theory- 3-D Structures of Molecules Dipole Moments Electronegativity Formal Charges in Lewis Structures Hybrid Orbitals Multiple Bonds Overview of Pauling and Valence Bond Theory Resonance Strengths of Covalent Bonds Molecular Orbital Theory- Frontier MOs: An Acid-Base Theory Intro to MO Theory Mixing Orbitals to Make MOs MO Diagrams for First Row Diatomic Molecules MO Diagrams for Heterodiatomic Molecules MO Diagrams for Linear Triatomic Molecules Construct MO diagrams for simple linear triatomic molecules and/or compounds MO Diagrams for Water and Nitrate Ion MO Theory: Simplest Examples Reading and Writing MO Diagrams Types of MOs Periodic Trends- Characteristics of Metals Characteristics of Nonmetals Effective Nuclear Charge Electron Affinity Ionization Energy Ionization energy is the energy needed to remove an electron from an atom or ion. Unlike atomic radii, we can and do measure ionization energies in the gas phase, when the atom or ion is not interacting with anything else. Sizes of Atoms and Ions Slater's Rules for Effective Nuclear Charge Effective nuclear charge determines the size and energy of orbitals, which determine most properties of atoms. Slater's rules give a simple approximation of effective nuclear charge, which depends on the number of electrons that might get between, so it depends on the electron we are looking at. For any electron, to find the effective nuclear charge it feels, we need to know how many other electrons might get in the way, and how much time it spends near the nucleus. Phases and Intermolecular Forces- Dipole-dipole Forces Hydrogen Bonding Intro to Phases and Intermolecular Forces Liquids London Dispersion Forces Phase Changes Phase Diagrams Vapor Pressure Solids- Covalent-Network Solids: Semiconductors and Insulators Crystalline Solid Structures Intro to Solids Ionic Solids Metallic Bonding Metal Crystal Structures Other Solids: Polymers, Nanomaterials, Foams, etc. Quantum Chemistry- Atomic Orbitals Describing Waves Discovery of Quantization Electron Configurations Electron Configurations According to Bohr and Pauli Light as a Wave Particle in a Box The New Quantum Mechanics Thermochemistry- Basic Definitions Calorimetry and Reaction Enthalpy Fuels and Enthalpy Hess' Law and Enthalpy of Formation History of Thermodynamics Kinetic and Potential Energy The First Law of Thermodynamics The Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics Work and Heat -General Chemistry Supplement (Eames)
Citation/Reference:
Eames, E.V. (2020, September 17). General Chemistry Supplement. https://chem.libretexts.org/@go/page/52742

Record Information

Source Institution:
City College of San Francisco
Holding Location:
LibreTexts
Rights Management:
This item is licensed with the Creative Commons Attribution License. This license lets others distribute, remix, tweak, and build upon this work, even commercially, as long as they credit the author for the original creation.